A Unique Modified Eggshell Method as a Model to Reduce and Remove Copper(II) from Aqueous Solutions for Water Treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate the removal Cu2+ using eggshells and iron-modified eggshells. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted assess impact various operational parameters, including contact time, pH, isotherms, kinetics. samples characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive (SEM-EDS). XRD analysis confirmed presence crystalline phases, specifically trigonal hexagonal structures, in both eggshell samples. addition iron resulted a reduction average crystallite size from 33.157 nm 16.086 nm. FTIR spectra exhibited carbonyl peak at 1804 cm-1. results indicated that on occurred rapidly, reaching equilibrium within 80 min, with an optimal pH range 6.0 7.0. Furthermore, modified demonstrated superior compared unmodified due increased external surface area. copper concentration 0% 94.58%, suggesting ion exchange between eggshell. experimental data better fit Freundlich isotherm model, indicating heterogeneous sites for Cu2+. kinetics followed pseudo-second-order rate equation. This highlights efficacy eggshells, particularly as cost-effective accessible method efficient heavy metals like drinking water or industrial wastewater.